Auxilliary verb-9th

Primary Auxilliary:

1. Be verbs (am,is,are,was,were)
2. Do verbs (does,do,did)
3. Have verbs (has,have,had)

Modals:

1. Can - Could
2. May- Might
3. Shall- Should
4. Will - Would
5. Must

Semi Modals:
         Need, dare, used to, ought to

Tenses-9th

Tenses:

1. Present tense
2. Past tense
3. Future tense

Present tense:

• Simple present (verb+s/es)
• Present continuous(am/is/are+verb+ing)
• Present perfect (has/have+past participle)
• Present perfect continuous(has/have+been+verb+ing)

Past tense:

• Simple past (past form of the tense)
• Past continuous (was/were+verb+ing)
• Past perfect (had+past participle)
• Past perfect continuous (had+been+verb+ing)

Future tense:

• Simple future(shall/will+verb)
• Future continuous (shall/will+be+verb+ing)
• Future perfect (shall/will+have+past participle)
• Future perfect continuous (shall/will+have been+verb+ing)

Earthquake-9th

Brij informs the traveller about the disaster that happened in his village. He tells him that before 4 years ago, his village called Molthi was affected with a terrible earthquake. The whole village was affected terribly and he lost his family also. But his sister Bhuli had survived under the debris for hundred and sixteen hours and she was saved by the army officer. Brij went to thank him but he was not there so inorder to show his gratitude he served the tired people with a cup of tea by getting nothing from them.

On killing a tree- 9th

The poet points out that it is not easy to kill a tree. A tree takes up sunlight, air and water and grows to its full height after many years. The roots go deep into the soil, so killing a tree is not a simple job. To kill a tree, the deep root should be pulled out of the soil. Only then the killing of a tree is complete

Water - The Elixir of Life

In olden days people had a great belief in elixir. Sir C.V.Raman considers water as the elixir of life. He says that all living things need water and without it no life is possible. Soil erosion, deforestation and ill maintenance of water have affected the availability of water to all living things. So the scientist warns us to stir up and take steps to conserve water, harness it and safeguard it from pollution for the welfare of the future generations.

The cat and the pain killer- 9th

Tom's friend Becky Thatcher stopped coming to school. This disturbed Tom and made him unhappy. Aunty polly was worried about him so she tried all new methods of producing health or mending it. She tried water treatment on Tom and added hot baths, sitz baths, shower baths and plunges. Tom asked for the pain killer and he was closing the crack on the floor with it. Peter the cat tasted it and it had an adverse effect on the cat. By seeing it, Aunty polly realized her mistake and stopped giving medicine to him

The spider and the Fly- 9th

A spider in his web tries his best to entice a fly into his den. But the clever fly does not yield to tue temptation beacuse she is sure that she will be killed if she entered the web. Now the cunning spider takes flattery as the last weapon and due to her pride she walks into the spider's den proudly. Spider pounces upon the fly and makes a meal of it

Seventeen oranges- 9th

The lesson is about two thieves called Clem Jones and Pongo. Clem Jones plans a theft carefully and it is interesting to note how he throws dust in the eyes of a policeman and manges to get off with the stolen goods. Pongo on the other hand is a petty thief. Once he steals seventeen oranges from the docks and his bulging pockets attract the attention of Pongo. The story explains how the narrator escapes from the clutches of law using his presence of mind.

Little cyclone: The story of a Grizzly cub-9th

Little cyclone was a grizzly cub from Alaska. His mother was fired at and seized and taken to the Zoological Park at New York. Little Cyclone had no sense of fear on his first day and stood up with courage. He courageously met every attack, real or feigned and the other bears understood that Cyclone could strike quick and hard on three seconds' notice. Thus the Little Cyclone's position was assured 

Little Sarah- 9th

Sarah's grandmother asks for a Johnny-cake.  Sarah goes to the closet and finds the barrel empty. She runs to the shopkeeper, miller, cornfield, farmer, ploughman to get the cornflour but there is no corn flour. Atlast the ploughman plough the field, farmer sows the grain, the sun sheds sunshine and the miller grinds the corn to give the cornflour to Sarah

Old Man River- 9th

Old Man River is a drama that shows how the members of a family manage to escape when their house is surrounded by flood waters. Amy, Betty, Rose and Sara are at home alone and there is a cloudburst. Jim Hall, a neighbour comes to rescue the children. He organizes a disaster team and keeps things ready for an emergency. Tom peters and Miss. Marsh come there in a rescue boat. With their help the children are rescued

Direct and indirect speech

Direct speech:

     Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech.

Indirect speech:

     Reporting what the person has said is called as indirect speech.

Changes that take place in converting the speech:

The Anteater and the Dassie- 8th

The story is about an anteater, Pangolin and about an African rat, Dassie. Once they decided to have a race from the kopje to reach the ground. Dassie won in the race and for the second they had the same race. Bt pangolin won this time in a different way which made Dassie to wonder.

A tiger in the zoo

The poem is about the tiger which is in the zoo. The tiger walks inside the cage and he is angry for being inside. When the tiger is the forest, he just hides in the shadow to eat the deer and frightens the people by growling. Though he is strong his strength is locked behind the bars. At night he stares at the stars as he hears the patrolling cars as the last voice

Our winged friends- 8th

The government of China thought the sparrows destroyed crops. So they decided to kill sparrows bt insect pests increased in large numbers.

Crocodiles eat up the fish used for making curries. So fishermen get angry with crocodiles.

The bird locks his wife and babies in the nest to protect them from predators and feed them through the doorway with delicious treats.

Dr. Salim Ali, the birdman of India is one of the famous ornithologists and had written a book called 'The Book of Indian Birds'. And our winged friends is an excerpt from this book

After the storm- 8th

There was a huge storm and the enormous pine trees were knock down. Saruli was shocked to see the jungle bare and she came to know about the resin tappers. She just wrenched off the tin cup accompanied by few children. The resin tappers get angry on them when they saw the trees devoid of the resin containers. D.F.O came there and Saruli informed him everything. Thus saruli saved the trees and the forest

Land of our birth, we pledge to thee

The poem is about the pledge of the children to their nation. The children pray for the strength to comfort the people in distress, to forgive the evil doers and they wish to derive happiness in simple things. They pledge their thought, feeling and deed to their nation

The brave rani of Jhansi- 8th

Lakshmibai, the most famous Indian woman joined the sepoy mutiny after she had become the Rani of Jhansi. She had learnt the art of ride and shoot and she had a loyal army with her. She was the one who was supervising the Jhansi people to get freedom against the British. Seeing her leadership British wanted to capture her and there was a great fight. On the third day of the war she was shot and she laid her life for her people.

Sorry best friend- 8th

Sorry, best friend is about two friends, Manju and Miriam. Manju had newly arrived to Mumbai with her mother Renu whereas miriam was the daughter of the maid un Renu's house. The two girls became friends inspite of the vast difference between them. As Miriam had stopped going to school, Renu tried to help her by giving some money. This was mistaken by Manju and she didn't talk with Miriam thereafter. Only after realizing the act done by her mother she realized her mistake and became friends once again.

No men are foreign-8th

The poem explains about the people who fight in the war. The poet says that the countries may go to war but the people who are engaged in war have the same blood, same hopes, same needs and same search for a meaning in life.

Phrases and clauses- 8th

Phrases:

• No complete sense
• Cannot stand by themselves
• No subject or predicate

Clauses:

• Complete sense
• Can stand alone
• Include subject and predicate

Types of clauses:

Main clause:

• Includes subject and a finite verb
• Complete sense

Subordinate clause:

• Includes subject and a verb
• Imcomplete sense
  

Living Amicably-8th

Living amicably is an extract from Abdul Kalam's autobiography 'Wings of Fire'. In his autobiography he traces the various phases of his life as a son, student, scientist and leader. Abdul kalam served as the 11th president of India and was known as the people's president.